Psychology and Association Test Essay Example for Free

Psychology and Association Test Essay Experimental psychology is an area of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the mind and behavior. While students are often required to take experimental psychology courses during undergraduate and graduate school, you should really think of this subject as a methodology rather than a singular area within psychology. Many of these techniques are also used by other subfields of psychology to conduct research on everything from childhood development to social issues. Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including colleges, universities, research centers, government and private businesses. Some of these professionals may focus on teaching experimental to students, while others conduct research on cognitive processes, animal behavior, neuroscience, personality and many other subject areas. Those who work in academic settings often teach psychology courses in addition to performing research and publishing their findings in professional journals. Other experimental psychologists work with businesses to discover ways to make employees more productive or to create a safer workplace, a specialty area known as human factors psychology. Do you enjoy researching human behavior? If you have a passion for solving problems or exploring theoretical questions, you might also have a strong interest in a career as an experimental psychologist. Experimental psychologists study a huge range of topics within psychology, including both human and animal behavior. If youve ever wanted to learn more about what experimental psychologists do, this career profile can answers some of your basic questions and help you decide if you want to explore this specialty area in greater depth. An experimental psychologist is a type of psychologist who uses scientific methods to collect data and perform research. Experimental psychologists explore an immense range of psychological phenomena, ranging from learning to personality to cognitive processes. The exact type of research an experimental psychologist performs may depend on a number of factors including his or her educational background, interests and area of employment. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics:â€Å"Experimental or research psychologists work in university and private research centers and in business, nonprofit, and governmental organizations. They study the behavior of both human beings and animals, such as rats, monkeys, and pigeons. Prominent areas of study in experimental research include motivation, thought, attention, learning and memory, sensory and perceptual processes, effects of substance abuse, and genetic and neurological factors affecting behavior. Experimental psychologists work in a wide variety of settings including colleges, universities, research centers, government and private businesses. Some of these professionals may focus on teaching experimental methods to students, while others conduct research on cognitive processes, animal behavior, neuroscience, personality and many other subject areas. Those who work in academic settings often teach psychology courses in addition to performing research and publishing their findings in professional journals. Other experimental psychologists may work with businesses to discover ways to make employees more productive or to create a safer workplace, a specialty area known as human factors psychology. Experimental psychology is an approach to psychology that treats it as one of the natural sciences, and therefore assumes that it is susceptible to the experimental method. Many experimental psychologists have gone further, and have assumed that all methods of investigation other than experimentation are suspect. In particular, experimental psychologists have been inclined to discount the case study and interview methods as they have been used in clinical and developmental psychology. Since it is a methodological rather than a substantive category, experimental psychology embraces a disparate collection of areas of study. It is usually taken to include the study of perception, cognitive psychology, comparative psychology, the experimental analysis of behavior, and some aspects of physiological psychology. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) was a German physician, psychologist, physiologist and philosopher, known today as the â€Å"Father of Experimental Psychology† Some Famous Experimental Psychologists: Wilhelm Wundt later wrote the Principles of Physiological Psychology (1874), which helped establish experimental procedures in psychological research. After taking a position at the University of Liepzig, Wundt founded the first of only two experimental psychology labs in existence at that time. (Although a third lab already existed William James established a lab at Harvard, which was focused on offering teaching demonstrations rather than experimentation. G. Stanley Hall founded the first American experimental psychology lab at John Hopkins University). Wundt was associated with the theoretical perspective known as structuralism, which involves describing the structures that compose the mind. He believed that psychology was the science of conscious experience and that trained observers could accurately describe thoughts, feelings, and emotions through a process known as introspection. Psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus was one of the first to scientifically study forgetting. In experiments where is used himself as the subject, Ebbinghaus tested his memory using three-letter nonsense syllables. He relied on such nonsense words because relying on previously known words would have made use of his existing knowledge and associations in his memory. In order to test for new information, Ebbinghaus tested his memory for periods of time ranging from 20 minutes to 31 days. He then published his findings in 1885 in Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. His results, plotted in what is known as the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve, revealed a relationship between forgetting and time. Initially, information is often lost very quickly after it is learned. Factors such as how the information was learned and how frequently it was rehearsed play a role in how quickly these memories are lost. The forgetting curve also showed that forgetting does not continue to decline until all of the information is lost. At a certain point, the amount of forgetting levels off. What exactly does this mean? It indicates that information stored in long-term memory is surprisingly stable. In the realm of mental phenomena, experiment and measurement have hitherto been chiefly limited in application to sense perception and to the time relations of mental processes. By means of the following investigations we have tried to go a step farther into the workings of the mind and to submit to an experimental and quantitative treatment the manifestations of memory. The term, memory, is to be taken here in its broadest sense, including Learning, Retention, Association and Reproduction. The principal objections which, as a matter of course, rise against the possibility of such a treatment are discussed in detail in the text and in part have been made objects of investigations. I may therefore ask those who are not already convinced a priori of the impossibility of such an attempt to postpone their decision about its practicability. Gustav Fechner did not call himself a psychologist, some important historians of psychology like Edwin G. Boring consider the experimental rising of this science in Fechner’s work (1979, p. 297). More specifically, it was Fechner’s famous intuition of October 22, 1850 that, according to Boring (quoted by Saul Rosenzweig, 1987), gave opportunity to his work as a psychophysicist (Rosenzweig also remembers that this date that serves as reference to this event, is curiously close to Boring? birthday, October 23rd). In a more concise way, if we think Fechner’s psychophysics work as the junction of a philosophical doctrine (that correlates spirit and matter as aspects of the same being), an experimental methodology (correlating the variations of stimulus and sensations perceived) and an assemblage of mathematical laws (the famous Weber-Fechner law); in addition, the last two aspects are considered especially relevant to the rising of psychology. Nevertheless, to think that the rising of a science is restricted to the establishment of experimental procedure and to a mathematical formalization, is to forget a whole field of questioning in which the instruments created by Fechner could, in the middle of the 19thcentury, overcome some obstacles and answer some questions, notably the ones made by the critic philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Ernst Weber was a German physiologist and Psychologist. He was regarded as a predecessor of experimental psychology and one of the founders of Psychophysics, the branch of psychology that studies the relations between physical stimuli and mental states. He is known chiefly for his work on investigation of subjective sensory response (sensations) to the impact of external physical stimuli: weight, temperature, and pressure. Weber experimentally determined the accuracy of tactile sensations, namely, the distance between two points on the skin, in which a person can perceive two separate touches. He discovered the two-point threshold the distance on the skin separating two pointed stimulators that is required to experience two rather than one point of stimulation.

Farenheit 451 as a Warning :: Farenheit 451 Essays

Farenheit 451 as a Warning What are the rights of a government? Does the government have the right to control what we think and where we get our intellectual stimulation? After the Constitution of the United States was drafted, a Bill of Rights containing ten articles was adopted and ratified by the thirteen states. In the first article, it guaranteed the people the freedom of religion, speech, the press, and public assembly. People were given the right to enrich themselves with knowledge accumulated through their readings from whatever source they chose and to make criticism towards the government as they saw fit. Because of the liberty given to its people, it is no wonder that the United States government is considered a model government in the world today. Any sound government would allow its people to make their own free judgement according to their knowledge from any sources they may gather. Ray Bradbury's vision of a disordered world was expressed in his book Fahrenheit 451. Set in the future, it deals with a man's struggle between his destructive government position and his inner self-conscience. Guy Montag was a fireman but he did not put out fires. Instead, he created them through the burning of books. This was what Bradbury was trying to imply through the title of his book, Fahrenheit 451, the temperature at which books burn. Montag was leading a fairly happy life until he met a girl, Clarisse, who aroused his deepest feelings and fears. He became curious about the contents of books and wondered why they were so feared. This led him through a series of events which changed his life forever. When Montag asked Beatty about the burning of books he was told, "If you don't want a man to be unhappy politically, don't give him two sides to a question to worry him; give him one. Better yet, give him none." The futurist government displayed in Fahrenheit 45 1 tried to prevent any feelings or opinions contrary to their own because they did not want to be challenged. Instead, they fed unwanted junk into the minds of their people through the parlor, a wall to wall television. This machine, that does not inspire the thinking process, lead them to make the conclusion that their world revolves around it and nothing else.

To Kill a Mockingbird Review

Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is regarded as one of the great pieces of literature of its time. It is universally respected because the author uses the common experience of growing up, through the eyes of his narrator Scout, to speak about intense topics such as racism, injustice, and prejudice in the Southern United States in the 1930’s. Atticus Finch states during the story, â€Å"you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view†¦ until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. Harper Lee helps us understand the issues that matter to him in To Kill a Mockingbird using the universal experience of growing up through the eyes and skin of a child, the main character and narrator, Scout Finch. In the beginning, Scout has a great deal of respect for her father, Atticus. Although, she has a tremendous amount of respect for him, her attitude toward him is self-centered and childish. She feels that he is an old man and canâ €™t do very much. After the trial of Tom Robinson however, Scout sees her father put himself in a very dangerous position, risking his life to fight for what he believes is right by defending an innocent black man in the racist south. Her father teaches her, â€Å"In our courts, when it’s a white man’s word against a black man, the white man always wins. They’re ugly, but those are the facts of life. † Through this experience, Scout gains more respect for her father and realizes the sometimes harsh realities of the world she is living in, that life isn’t all childish games. She sees that her father is a hardworking man with good morals, who does the right thing even if it’s hard and dangerous. In this way, we witness her point of view growing up. It is obvious in the first couple of chapters that Scout has very little patience for everyone and can lose her temper in an instant. For this reason, when people (mainly children) make her mad even just a little, that she gets in plenty of fights with them and ends up getting in trouble. However, during an afternoon at her house with Aunt Alexandra and her missionary circle, Scout decides that she needs to learn to become a woman. The ladies wore powder and rose, smelled good, and gossiped over coffee cups and refreshments. Scout admits, â€Å"I wondered at the world of women†¦ There was no doubt about it, I must soon enter this world, where on its surface fragrant ladies rocked slowly, fanned gently, and drank cool water. During this luncheon, it’s one of the first times in the story you see Scout attempt to choose her words more carefully and care what others were thinking of her. In this way, you see Scout attempting to have a more grown up manner of acting. Scouts ability to see the world through other people’s eyes changes throughout the course of the story, but finally at the end when she meets Boo Radley. At first, Scout and her brother Jem were very curious along with being scared of Boo Radley. They wanted to see who he was so badly that they tried peeking into the Radley house but were unsuccessful. However, at the end when Boo saves Jem and Scout from being killed by Bob Ewell and Scout finally meets Boo, she realizes that he really isn’t a very bad or scary man after all. She walked Boo home and stood on the Radley front porch and saw the world from Boo’s point of view. A quote came from Atticus when Scout told him â€Å"he was real nice†, and Atticus replied: â€Å"Most people are Scout, when you finally see them†.

Comparing the Peaceweavers - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1512 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Beowulf Essay Did you like this example? Comparing the Peaceweavers and the Hell Brides in Beowulf Throughout the British Literature time period of 450-1066: the roles and perspective of women were very subjective in the idea that a woman needs a man to be powerful. An independent woman was viewed as weak and unimportant. The belief that a man good fix or heal an evil/ bad women was a common belief. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparing the Peaceweavers" essay for you Create order By looking at the different roles Women play in Beowulf, women either have to be good or evil, there is no middle or in-between, to be good they seem to have to be affiliated with a man. Throughout the poem, there are several women Characters from Wealhtheow to Grendels Mother. While some are shown to be nice and loving others such as Grendels mom are portrayed as demonic monsters. The poet and novelist George Meredith said that every society must have its civilization judged by the way it treats its women: what happens in bodily fact, and also what is said, felt, imagined and fantasize by and about them. Sometimes there is a wide gap between fact and fancy(Herbert 1997). The two queens in Beowulf, Wealhtheow, and Hygd are married to the Kings Hrothgar and Hygela both queens take up the important jobs of cupbearer, Wealhtheow came in,Urging him to drink deep and enjoy it(Beowulf 612) and becoming Peaceweavers. A Peace weaver is a woman who married someone from an enemy tribe in order to establish peace between her family and his. The royal bride who holds out her welcome to bring warring tribes together in friendship at her wedding feast (Herbert 1997) Their main job was to see the comfort of the men and bear children(The Wifes Lament Pages). Queen Wealtheow is married to the enemy of her people, her daughters even carry drinks between the members of her own tribe and the Geats. The marriage of a peaceweaver is basically a political event but they actually do love their husbands and respect them. Now one of the Queens important jobs is to be the cupbearer what they do is carry the mead cup and pass it to the King and his warriors. This role might seem passive but its actually empowering and adds to the queens power. They will give the cup first to the king because he is the highest in rank and the first time Beowulf would be the last to recover it, however, the second time around the order went from the King to Beowulf second. Haerehts daughter moved throughout the spacious building with mead cups, cared for the people, carried flagons to drink to the hands of the Heathens. The two queens play a role in politics and do influence it. After Grendels death by Beowulf queen Wealhtheow said a speech to Hrothgar. be gracious towards the geats(1173) and she heard they told me that you wish to take the warrior to be a son to you. I would think this means he would become king one day. After the king dies Hygd tries to pass the Beowulf the crown to be King, she did not trust that her son knew how to hold the throne of his homeland against foreign nations.( Beowulf 2373-76) In old English poems, noble women would give gifts Beloved Beowulf, enjoy this collar with good fortune, and make good use of this garment. Now on the opposite side of the spectrum, lets look at how Grendels Mother is portrayed compared to the queens. So for one, she is completely isolated and lives by herself in what she calls home in a cave under a lake. She is an independent woman and has no affiliation to a man other than her son Grendel. She is portrayed as an evil demonic monster, Grendels mother, Monstrous hell-bride, brooded on her wrongs. She had been forced down into fearful waters(Beowulf 1258). She is seen as evil and independent and t just so happens she has no male affiliation attached to her. perhaps, for this reason, Grendels Mother is presented as husbandless and son-obsessed- to suggest to an Anglo-Saxon audience the dangers inherent in womans functions as friousibb pledge of peace.The author Gives Grendels mom masculine traits. And uses masculine words/phrases to describe her. Grendels mother has the form of a woman(idese onlicnes, 1351) and is weaker than a man and more cowardly, for she flees in fear for her life when discovered by Heorot. The author occasionally uses a masculine pronoun when referring to her s be instead of so be in 1260,1497 and h instead of ho in lines 1392, 1394 (Heaney Beowulf A verse Translation 1895). Modthyrth a queen who punishes anyone if they look at her the wrong way. She killed anyone that came into her hall. To look her in the face, if an eye, not her lords Stared at her directly during daylight, The outcome was sealed: he was bound In hand-tightened shackles, racked, tortured until doom was announceddeath by the sword, Slash of blade, blood gush and death qualms in an evil display(Beowulf 1934). Modthyrth is shown as an evil queen and for good reason at that. She is almost stereotyped into how she should act because shes a queen. Even a queen Outstanding in beauty must not overstep like that. A queen should weave peace, not punish the innocent(Beowulf 1940). She is compared to Hygd she is presented as a how women are supposed to behave. Hygd is described as gracious in bearing and manner, attentive to the men around her, and loyal to her husband and lord. The author makes Queen Modthryth the foil of Hygd. A foil is a character whose traits contrast with and another. Even a queen Outstanding in beauty must not overstep like that. A queen should weave peace, not punish the innocent(Beowulf 1940). Queen Modhyth and Hygd are described as different and makes Hygd seem far superior to Modhyth. It carries the same ideology that a woman is supposed to act a certain way. She will eventually stop her bad doings and settle down to marry, as soon as she boarded a boat to cross the pale waters to marry Offa according to her fathers counsel. Once there the woman worked well on the throne, renowned for goodness(Good Queen Modthryth? How marriage makes women (and men) better 2018). This holds the idea that bad woman can be fixed by a man. Queen Wealhtheow and Grendels mother are similar in that they are both mothers. Wealtheow is seen as a more superior woman compared to Grendels mom because she is a peaceweaver, cupbearer and a queen. Grendels mom lives below the earth in an empty cave underneath a lake and Wealtheow lives above land and it in a castle. So there is a clear social class gap between the two. Wealhtheow represents the good in life, mankind, and light mindful of etiquette (Beowulf 613). Grendels mom represents evil, darkness, and danger. Wealhtheow is shown as a beautiful, childlike female, Grendels mom is fat, old, and lonely. The women in Beowulf closely resemble the Anglo-Saxon woman in that they had the option to choose who they could marry. Arranged marries were however usually held in the upper class, peace-weaving marriages were considered even higher. In order to become a peace-weaver, you had to be of high class to marry another tribes king in an effort to keep the peace. Some would argue they held more power than the kings since theyre the ones keeping peace from one anothers clans. The Queens were described as how and what women should act like and be during this time period. Queen Modryth was viewed as evil and helpless and had to have a man in her life to resolve her problems. If you look closely at the end of the book the women you are married/ have a man in close relation, are viewed as better or more important. Grendels mother doesnt even have a name for crying out loud. I wonder if she was married we would know her real name. The author gives the reader a biased description of her attacks against the humans, he didnt truly state her point of view which made her seem a selfish evil monster. Monstrous hell-bride( Beowulf 1259). I wonder if he added that she was doing the same act that Beowulf was doing itd be different. I mean Beowulf is avenging the men Grendels mom killed so why is he considered a hero when he caused their deaths by killing Grendel? Although the author is unknown I would bet the author was a male, just based on the trend of women cant be good until/ unless a man is in their life. Works Cited Good Queen Modthryth? How Marriage Makes Women (and Men) Better. A Bloggers Beowulf, 5 Apr. 2018, bloggersbeowulf.com/2017/05/18/good-queen-modthryth-how-marriage-makes-women-and-men-better/. Heaney, Seamus. Beowulf: a New Verse Translation. W.W. Norton Co., 1999. Heaney, Seamus. Beowulf A Verse Translation. 1895. Herbert, Kathleen. Peace-Weavers Sheild-Maidens Women in Early English Society. Anglo-Saxon Books Frithgarth, 1997. The Wifes Lament Pages. Research at UVU, research.uvu.edu/mcdonald/Anglo-Saxon/wifeslament/wifepeacew.html.

Why I Want To Do Early Childhood Education Essay

Why I Want To Do Early Childhood Education Essay Why I Want to Do Early Childhood Education Early childhood education is one of the most interesting types of teaching for me, as it involves work with the youngest children. I think that the majority of people underestimate the possibilities and opportunities open for these little personalities, which results in poor attention paid to their development. I want to do early childhood education, as I want to change this situation. There have already been conducted hundreds of researches on the ways children perceive our world, and the more there is discovered, the more questions there appear. It is so interesting to observe little children – the way they start getting familiarized with the world, learning so many valuable lessons, when they simply go for a walk or explore their home. Unfortunately, not all the parents understand how important it is to support their child in this period and let him/her find out as much as possible about the world. In this period the most essential traits of character are rooted. So, for a professional teacher children in this age are the most valuable, as they can not only learn new things, but can also understand how to learn them in the best way and can acquire the love to knowledge, which teenagers lack so much today. Children are perfect listeners as well, and it is so pleasant to see how quickly your efforts are rewarded. These are the main reasons why I decided to pursue career in early childhood education. I want to change this world for the better, and I know that teaching small kids is the only possible and right way to do it.

Essay on Effective Approaches to Prevent Teen Pregnancy

Effective approaches to prevent teen pregnancy After reading numerous articles and abstracts in regards to the ever so intriguing topic of teen pregnancy, I’ve come to a conclusion which is a little different than I had expected. Before reading any of the literature on teen pregnancy, I was under the assumption that the sex education classes provided in school were an extremely effective weapon against unwanted teenage pregnancies. Of the literature references that I’ve used and those of which I have haven’t chosen to extrapolate on, many have reported results based on random surveys while others have conducted quantifiable research to reach their findings. In an article by Dryfoos J in the Planned Parenthood Review, Dryfoos mentions†¦show more content†¦This survey also showed that 63 % of teenagers have already had Sexual Intercourse by the time they had completed the 10th and 11th grades. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the Journal of School Health, in May 2001 was an article entitled â€Å"Effectiveness of the Baby Think It Over Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program† by Cheryl Somers, Cheryl and Mariane Fahlman speaks of a program that many school systems have adopted called â€Å"Baby Think It Over.† This program is a computerized simulation of a baby and the responsibilities that parents have to endure. It is geared towards teen-agers because the teen pregnancy rates in America are at least double of any country with similar economic background and culture. This article further evaluates the effectiveness of this new program using a controlled study in which 151 experimental students and 62 controlled subjects were used. These were all high school students of a suburban area of a Midwestern city. The average age of the students was 16.2 and they were all middle-class primarily white students, both male and female. Numerous studies were conducted, with inconcl usive evidence of the programs effectiveness. One study showed that the subjects understood and had more realistic impressions of having children, while another showed that the students had no change of intentions in regards to teen parenting. This particular studyShow MoreRelatedUnwanted and Unplanned Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Illness1544 Words   |  7 PagesUnwanted and Unplanned Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Illness (STI) Teen Pregnancy The birth rate among teens in the United States has declined 9% from 2009 to 2010, a historic low among all racial and ethnic groups, with the least being born in 2010; and in 2011 the number of babies born to adolescents aged 15-19 years of age was 329,797 (â€Å"Birth Rates for U.S.†, 2012). Although the decline in unwanted and unplanned teen births is on the rise the United States continues to be among theRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Sex Education Programs900 Words   |  4 Pages1. Clemmitt, Marcia. â€Å"Teen Pregnancy.† CQ Researcher 20. 12 (2010): 267-287. Web. This particular source is an academic journal which goes into immense detail about the high rates of teen pregnancy and sex education programs the United States government provides. The article is informative and supportive of the sex education programs and explains the success rates of these programs in reducing teen pregnancy. Author Marica Clemmitt, former editor for other scholarly articles involving Medicine andRead MoreThe System Of Sex Education Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagespullout method is effective. Some children are not ready for sex, but they do it anyway because they are not told to wait. Abstinence should be taught as part of sex education because sexual transmitted disease, teen pregnancy, and abortion rates would decrease. Sex education in schools teach children about safe sex and contraceptive methods for teen girls. Teens learn about sex in school, and they believe it is safe to have sex if they use condoms. Sex is safer with condoms, but teens don’t realizeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pages(Hamilton, B.E.). That’s nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies every year. According to, â€Å"11 facts about teen pregnancy† less than 2% of teen moms earn a college degree by age 30 (Par. 2 5). There are many reasons for this and the best way to help limit teen pregnancy would be to require parents to attend teen pregnancy prevention meetings held by schools. One of the many problems is that most teens are not well informed about the troubles of being a teen parent. They don’t understand how it willRead MoreContraceptive Methods And Sterilization Procedures Prescribed For Women1348 Words   |  6 Pageseducation and counseling and male-based contraceptive is excluded t. Excluding contraceptive coverage for male raises the issues of discrimination; therefore contraceptive coverage should be covered for men as well as women. The vasectomies are cost effective among birth control choices. Vasectomy is permanent and long term; its success rate is better than tubal ligation. It also has a lower risk of complication than female surgical sterilization methods. With vasectomies, there is a mild pain, swellingRead MoreTeen Pregnancy1023 Words   |  5 PagesDoes access to condoms prevent teen pregnancy? Adolescent pregnancies remain a concern in public health worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has indicated that annually about 16 million girls between 15 and 19 give birth. Indeed, in many countries policies and programs are developed and implemented for the prevention of teen pregnancy and reduction of risks and consequences it might cause. Furthermore, that a teenager becomes pregnant poses a risk to her health, her life and the fetusRead MorePublic Health Nurses : The Leading Cause Of Death Among Girls Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesComplications from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death among girls ages 15-19 in LMIC’s (Morris Rushwan, 2015). The primary reason for these preventable death-causing complications is that teenagers are not properly supplied with contraceptives. Due to these unplanned and unwanted pregnancies approximately 4.5 million teenage girls undergo an abortion each year, with an estimated 3 million of them being performe d unsafely (Morris Rushwan, 2015). Some detrimental complicationsRead MoreTeenage Moms That Are Still In High School Get Pregnant1391 Words   |  6 Pagesare still in high school get pregnant at a young age, and are not able to support themselves or their child. There were just under a quarter million pregnancies in women ages fifteen to nineteen in 2014. About eighty-five percent of these pregnancies are unplanned, which in any population can increase the risk for problems. The biggest risk for teen mothers is delaying prenatal care or worse, about seven percent received no care at all. According to CDC, In 2014, almost 250,000 babies were bornRead MoreFixing the Teenage Pregnancy Problem: A Humble Suggestion Essay example1226 Words   |  5 Pagesproblem is no less evident. This problem is not unsolvable, in fact, many solutions exist, but no matter how promising a proposal is, nothing will fix itself without society’s cooperation. The safest and most reliable solution to avoid teenage pregnancy (and many a terrible STD) is also the most difficult proposal for teenagers to adhere to: an abstinence only policy. Not just frightened fundamentalists believe that sex-education with a curriculum that focus utterly on abstinence works. A studyRead MoreHealth And Social Service Programs1235 Words   |  5 PagesBackground: Adolescent pregnancy, primarily occurring in ages 13-18 years, has a negative impact on the physical, psychological, educational, and economic area of the pregnant girls. Objective: To evaluate some health and social service programs that can reduce American adolescent Pregnancy from Ages 13- 18 and improve their quality of life. Methods: Review two research articles and to assess the overall quality of the data from the studies. Results: After the assessment of the two research articles

Assess Risk in Planning a Project

Question: How might you assess risk in planning a project? Answer: The progression of risk management starts through trying a list of every expected risk that might impact the project (Royer 2001). Whenever the new project begins, it actually starts with the risk and at the level of uncertainty that might create deadlocks in the completion of the projects (The Owner's Role in Project Risk Management 2005). Its evident that management of risk usually ensures if the risk is evaluated and decreased when the assessment is undertaken, then it might reduce the available opportunities (The Owner's Role in Project Risk Management 2005). This is for ensuring that the management of risk cannot reduce the risk associated with the project but through conducting the proper planning, risk could be minimize at certain level and the same will be acceptable for making the project (The Owner's Role in Project Risk Management 2005).There are certain risks that go beyond the range of control and impact the budget and length of the project, for example planning need to be carried out before the risk impacts the project and either before the unexpected events get occurs (The Owner's Role in Project Risk Management 2005). Its noted that planning and analysis is the factor required for the project management success (The Owner's Role in Project Risk Management 2005). In the beginning of the project, key decisions are required to be taken that effect the various stages of the project that base the incomplete or either inaccurate information (The Owner's Role in Project Risk Management 2005). In order to ensure about the best policy of decisions, it is required to conduct risk assessment of the project in early stages in order to take effective decision (The Owner's Role in Project Risk Management 2005). Risk might occur at any project stage that is related to the specific task and some risk is different and might originate outside the project management boundaries (The Owner's Role in Project Risk Management 2005). Below are some methods of risk asses sment: Exploring and Risk Prioritization The most unique and ideal way of dealing with the risk is to explore as well as conduct the systematic research in different phases of the project that might get wrong (Benjamin and Belluck 2001). The process of risk identification for the projects might be conducted in three ways that are discussed below (Benjamin and Belluck 2001). Usually in most of the cases, the project manager tries to pulls, at the time of planning stage, core member team that squad the risk management task, and appropriate stakeholders (Bainey 2004). Participants in the project are usually encouraged to keep the point and try to produce the probable risk related to the project (Schwalbe 2009). Risk Mitigation There are many authors who ahs wrote about the two core strategies related to mitigation of risk such as reducing the adverse conditions that might impact the project and the other one is reducing the event that might occur during the project (Benjamin and Belluck 2001). Its evident that project team usually take care of these events that might halt the expected situations of the project (Benjamin and Belluck 2001). If the expected events minimizes it might reduce the expected cost for other strategy (Benjamin and Belluck 2001). Probability related to avoiding the risk at the time of projects is required; its the responsibility of the entire team to undertake the research for assessing the risk and work towards eliminating it (Benjamin and Belluck 2001). In order to avoid the risk there are certain procedures that need to be adopted in making the project successful, these are: transferring the risk, avoiding the risk, retaining the risk, as well as sharing the risk (Benjamin and Bell uck 2001). These similar terminologies are actually capable of avoiding the risk at the time of project length and eventually occur for the objective of the project (Benjamin and Belluck 2001). Risk analysis Contingency plans Project managers should form the alternative plan if the expected risk arises in the projects, which is mainly known as contingency plan (Brewer and Dittman 2013). In the contingency plan, proceedings are symbolized for mitigating the risk (Menken 2013). Every contingency plan in the project is prepared in the beginning, then it is documented and then this plan includes the funding, cost and estimation for avoiding the risk (Brewer and Dittman 2013). In the starting of the projects, there are many different risks that are explored in the contingency plan that include the possible risk list (Royer 2001). The project nature differ the process of risk identification along with its costing and scheduling (Brewer and Dittman 2013). Management of Change control For effective project completion, risk should be minimized and for minimizing the risk, there is management of change control (Committee for Oversight and Assessment of U.S Department of Energy Project Management 2004). Its the project manager responsibility to explore the changes required for reducing the negative effects for successfully completing the project (Committee for Oversight and Assessment of U.S Department of Energy Project Management 2004). In the process of change control, its not actually possible that every strategy needs to be materialized (Committee for Oversight and Assessment of U.S Department of Energy Project Management 2004). In the management of project change control different priorities should be set that is capable in cope the project as the change is applied on it (Committee for Oversight and Assessment of U.S Department of Energy Project Management 2004). Identification of Risk The process of risk identification need not be limited to the core team. Inputs taken from the sponsors, customers, stakeholders, vendors, as well as subcontractors need to be solicited (Ang, Yang and Sum 1994). Identification of risk establishes the level of uncertainty of exposure for every company (Ang, Yang and Sum 1994). There are many literatures that have written about the same (Ang, Yang and Sum 1994). It is decided that most of the professionals are involved in the huge projects (Wiegers 1998). Identification of risk is quite critical as well as time consuming work. In the realistic approach, its not quite easy to finish the command on the project risk but the exact planning with the core team members are included to bringing out the actual outcomes with both practice and experience (Boehm 1991). Mainly its a right outcome when the members of the team work in coordination and try to focus on explicit areas by focusing on external risk and types of physical relation; dividing the projects in various work pieces, and considers every entity with the project viewpoint in order to anticipate the source of the claim (Lucas, Walton and Ginzberg 1988). Analysis of Risk Analysis includes the exploration of the explanation and estimation ways as well as techniques that is required t deal with the specific risks (Lucas, Walton and Ginzberg 1988). The tenure of project enhances whenever there is a loop in the planning process and in managing the risk (Lucas, Walton and Ginzberg 1988). Every project making includes the identification of risk that is undertaken separately along with complete work team over its judgment and support professionals in carrying out the work (Keil, Cule, Lyytinen and Schmidt 1998). Every task is related to its own possible risk and explores the structure format (Keil, Cule, Lyytinen and Schmidt 1998). Risk table is often allocated for every risk along with threats and opportunities. It also includes how to sort the same and certain individual risk level for attaining the priority of risk (Lucas, Walton and Ginzberg 1988). Identification of risk along with its description is mainly due to the various projects like planning, ope ration as well as testing (Keil, Cule, Lyytinen and Schmidt 1998). Treatment of Risk Treatment of risk is the cycle to explore the measures of risk and to implement the same in modifying the risk (Keil, Cule, Lyytinen and Schmidt 1998). The treatment of risk covers up risk avoidance and risk control (Keil, Cule, Lyytinen and Schmidt 1998). This entire process includes that risk that is serious and that require to be solved through the management bodies (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). This kind of management performs certain priorities for handling the actions of risk control (Block 1983). Risk evaluation Risk could be explored through the research for the project that are underdeveloped, and explored risk starts in the beginning of the project then the risk explores the post planning (Barki, Rivard and Talbot 1993). Risk could also be identified through personal experiences, and there are ten rules for its evaluation that supports in identifying the risk in planning the project, these are: risk identification in starting of project; management of risk is part of risk; risk discussion with the members of team; opportunities and threat to be considered, limits of ownership issues; prioritization of risk; risk analysis; project agreed, implementation and planning of risk, along with exploring risk with related task (Barki, Rivard and Talbot 1993). These rules are actually indicated through the lifeline of the project on which the entire project is effectively run and help in generating the results as per the plan (Barki, Rivard and Talbot 1993). All these rules explore the management of risks that needs to be embedded while making the project through which fault might encounter (Barki, Rivard and Talbot 1993). While at the other side of the project there is no approach focused towards risk management, either the same belief there planning will have no risk or either they assume the level of over confident in both the case, and sometimes its noted that the projects have to face the deadlocks or either changes in time schedule happen in entire project that need to be avoided sometime (Barki, Rivard and Talbot 1993). Planning need to cover up assessment of risks in the beginning of the project that yield the project, risk assessment achievable with the help of two sources are the documentation and the other one is team members (Bancroft, Seip and Sprengel 1998). Team members hold the experience as well as expertise that help in making the project successful that could be completed on time (Bancroft, Seip and Sprengel 1998). In case of documentation, it is required at every step in making the project (Bancroft, Seip and Sprengel 1998). It is quite easy to explore the risk in broad cases, and every project includes various risks through which managers or either team member are made aware, but in certain cases it might get opposite for the risk handler to deal with the occurring risk (Ginzberg 1981). In case if the risk is not properly communicated to the members of the team or either project leader then project might face sufficient issues that are not required (Ginzberg 1981). Once the risk explores and there are certain threats and opportunities, then in that case, opportunities are mainly in the projects but hidden to be carried out and in those cases assessment is required and opportunities support the project in making it strong and successful (Ginzberg 1981). Below is risk assessment and mitigation ways in the IT projects: Huge IT projects needs the commitment of the sufficient time as well as resources from the side of both customers and suppliers and could leave crucial impacts on the business (Willcocks and Margetts 1994). Therefore, before starting any project, its required that detailed assessment about the important risks should be undertaken with the perception of implementing the relevant strategies of risk mitigation (Willcocks and Margetts 1994). Budget The project price could be escalated or either increases the budget amount of the customers if the project manager didnt take proper care in order to ensure that the scope of the project is properly understood as well as documented or the changes are managed in proper way (IT Projects Risk Assessment and Mitigation 2011). Expected mitigation The customers should try to determine the important needs well in advance and should not change them unless and until its really urgent (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). The suppliers should offer the fixed cost and should be clear about the expected consequences of the variations (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). Failure of System Important issues could occur if on commissioning or either after commission the new information Technology system failed in performing as per the set specifications (IT Projects Risk Assessment and Mitigation 2011). Expected Mitigation The party should need to be assured that there should be transparency in needed acceptance over the process of testing and testing needs and full acceptance testing should be undertaken (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). The needs for remedying the failure should be made clear, and need to cover up relevant allowances, which are made as per the timeframe and the results of these remedies are not properly executed in the set timeframe (McFarlan 1981). Delays Delays often occur in implementing the system that arises due to many reasons (Keil and Montealegre 2000). There are certain delays that are usually unavoidable, but there are some that could be avoided through conducting relevant planning (Keil and Montealegre 2000). Its noted that comprehensive projects plans of project addressing might get delayed that could move the project from the track (IT Projects Risk Assessment and Mitigation 2011). Expected mitigation A project plan which is delayed should include the contract, by setting up the proper milestone as well as timetable (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). It should be made clear that every party should be made responsible, especially when exist interdependence (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). Its important that the contract should also easily address what all is happening if the project is delayed and the steps that could be required in reducing the effect of delay (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). Below is the discussion on the risk assessment before project planning: In the areas of the ambiguity as well as indistinctness lies the political environment in the projects (Parr, Shanks and Darke 1999). It is quite similar people nature that provides the impression of good with the officers or they might be interested to relaxing the life without any kind of hassle, and along with it there will be other intention that might wish the project tactics restrictions (Parr, Shanks and Darke 1999). It might be because there are many project managers that might be interested in moving beyond the deadline of the work, and its in their own interest to keep it continue instead of experiencing the distress and then try to follow of project back from it (Parr, Shanks and Darke 1999). Its seen that there are certain projects that go fail, due to the completion culture of the project, which are taken by the users, and this project deliverable is done on time, but there wouldnt be any standards, needs, and quality (Parr, Shanks and Darke 1999). In order to explore and analyze the user needs of the projects, along with scheduling of project, contingency project planning, avoiding risk, along with collecting resources are important part of the project (Parr, Shanks and Darke 1999). These are referred as the objectives that are carried out in starting of the project (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). In order to explore the risk of the project, its importance and nature of project should be explored along with budgeting, extra risk related to user needs, and control of response change (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). Its suggested that in order to complete the assessment of risks, its important to perform the identification of every task along with its level of uncertainty (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). Every task needs to be on priority in the project plan and simultaneously its contingency table should also be prepared. If its not done, then project could get late as it is planned (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). Late projects are not a risk as it might impact whats going at the time of project; therefore, its important to consider every task of the project that might get delay in the length (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). The risk that are identified above that are mainly related to the IT projects, basically, these risks might not be appropriate to the specific project and other major risks might get apply to the project (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). Basically, both the supplier as well as customer might get benefit through preparing the risk analysis before starting of any project, as this might help in determining the ways through which risk related to the project could get mitigated both in the contract and through relevant management of projects, and these risks could be analyzed (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). In these kinds of sessions, shared solving of project in which team members could give their contribution through ideas, and the people from various perspective as well as different functional scenario will hold sophisticated manner to reduce the risk impacts (The Benefits of Risk Assessment for Projects, Portfolios, and Businesses 2009). It is quite obvious that one person could never able to easily evaluate the things that might go wrong. Its the responsibility of every member to easily generate the risk from their own perspective and try to underline the issues. Along with this, they should try to develop the list of risks and try to unify them with the help of manageable groups. These groups should try to explore the base of risk along with all the expected results in order to resolve it. In each project things might get changed by time; therefore, it is important to ensure the area where risk could get arise and the same should be avoided. References Royer, P. S. 2001. 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