Musculoskeletal Lecture Notes Essay Example

Musculoskeletal Lecture Notes Essay Musculoskeletal Physiology Be familiar with bones and muscles of body 3 types of muscle skeletal, smooth, cardiac attaches muscle to bone, decreasing angle of Joints during contraction proximal part of esophagi doesnt connect to bone, proximal (upper) conscious control is primary skeletal, distal is involuntary and smooth muscle T- tubules: inside is SEC, deep investigations of plasma membrane in muscle cell PM is sarcoma allows high concentration of Ca, like other CE spaces (ICC Is low) Ca floods into cell through T-tubules at uniform and fast rate Ca signals contraction Triads t tubes with ceroplastic respectful (also high In Ca) on each side, SIR Is resolve for Ca Ca comes In from SIR T-tubule Motor unit Neuromuscular Junction 22. 1. Skeletal muscles are all innervated by somatic nerves, conscious control Neuron goes directly to the muscle and innervated it Motor unit is a single axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates Short distance from terminal of axon and muscle fiber, d/t ACH dumped Into synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on skeletal muscle, when Ach withdrawn muscle relaxes Nerve Impulse down axon, when hits the Exxon terminus It causes a voltage gated Ca channel to pen, wave of depopulation causes Ca to come Into cell (Ca tells cells to do what It does best) and axon terminus releases Its neurotransmitters. ACH) ACH vesicle fuses with plasma membrane, what was inside the vesicle Is now outside the cell, ACH drifts across synaptic cleft to bind to an ACH channel, when 2 Aches bind the channel opens, this allows An to move into the muscle fiber. An wants to go into cell anyways (+ inside). An floods into cell causing muscle fiber to deplorable, causing voltage gated An channel causing further deportation. Ultimately causing voltage dated Ca channel on a T-tubule to open, then Ca flows into cytoplasm from SIR. Rapid influx of Ca throughout muscle cell. We will write a custom essay sample on Musculoskeletal Lecture Notes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Musculoskeletal Lecture Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Musculoskeletal Lecture Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ca channels: 1) Voltage gated Ca channel also called: DIP receptors, on T tubule, open d/t deportation of sarcoma. 2) Ca induced Ca channels = reloading channels which are on the SIR and open In response to DIP receptors allowing Ca to come In from SIR. During popularization the Ca gets pumped back Into SIR to Walt for next deportation Muscle Contraction 22. 1. 3 Acting: globular protein thats forms together to make a filament Transmission: small sections that form together and bind to acting at specific place. @ rest covers myosin binding site Trooping: bound to tromping. Parts, l: Ignore C: binds to Ca when it comes into cell T: binds to tromping. When Ca binds to trooping, causes trooping to move tromping exposing the myosin binding site Myosin can now bind to acting, muscle contracts 4 steps to muscle contraction 1 . Myosin head bind to acting filament that has been uncovered, causing release of Phosphate 2. Head of bound myosin flicks, moves one acting globulin, this is the powe r stroke 3. TAP binds to acting head, allowing release of, requires and TAP 4. TAP is hydroxide and head is repositioned As long as Ca is available this will occur. If muscle runs out of TAP = release cant happen = rigor Morris Muscle Fiber Types, Injury Repair 22. 1. 4 Slow oxidative Type 1 more TAP is hydrazine in reposition stage, happens slow high fatigue resistance, lots of oxidative compatibility, aerobic makes TAP as needs it more mitochondria b/c it needs it more myosin RED dark meat (legs walk a lot) doesnt need to store a lot of glycogen smaller and weaker fibers recruit these smaller motor units first Fast oxidative Type AAA Fast glaciology Type b less TAP is hydrazine in reposition stage, happens fast (lox faster) low fatigue resistance, slow oxidative compatibility, anaerobic, blows through TAP fast few mitochondria few capillaries and myosin WHITE breast (wings- seldom) high glycogen content (glycoside) larger and stronger recruit these larger motor units less often Denigrate and innervate (spinal cord injury) other axons will re-innervate those that have been devastated, less fine control Karri poison dart frog Blocks ACH receptor, powerful neuromuscular blockade Colostomies Botulism Causes ACH vesicles to not fuse with PM bottom paralyze muscles, half life is a month or so Colostomies Tennis EXCESSIVE release of ACH, muscle tenses, EX: lock Jaw Mechanical Disorders of the Bone 23. 1. 2 Arthritis- Osteoarthritis Gout Bursitis inflammation of bursa Bone Cancer 1% Dislocation movement of bone out of normal position, no tendon injury Sprains injury to Joint that involves ligament damage Strain occurs to muscles or tendons Fractures Oblique: oblique angle Occult: difficult to visualize, neck of femur Open: skin has been penetrated Pathologic: secondary to another disease EX: CA Segmented: broken into multiple pieces Spiral: oblique angle but spirals, result of twisting force Transverse: straight across Cricketing: cortex is only broken on one side, break doesnt go all the way through Impacted: two ends impacted, pushed one end into other Repair: Casts, external fixation may be needed so pin goes through bone (ankles holds tarsal anchored to tibia) Syphilis- compression fractures, older woman, hump Loriss pregnant women, wet pulls lumbar vertebrae forward increase curvature Scoliosis teenage girls, S-shaped back Treatment: surgery to place intertribal rods Osteoporosis 23. . 3 Osteoporosis loss of bone mass, traceable bone (spongy bone) lots in vertebrates Thinner cortex Estonian: precursor to osteoporosis, some bone loss Women affects men less 1. Men have larger bone mass to begin with 2. Menopause increases rate of bone loss 3. Men die younger, dont have a chance to loss the bone Males continue to produce bone at almost same rate as it is being reabsorbed Descant: X-rays through bone to see attenuation of bones,

Bundling Campaign Contributions - How It Works

Bundling Campaign Contributions - How It Works Bundling campaign  contributions is a common practice in American congressional and presidential elections. The term bundling refers to a form of fundraising in which one person or small groups of people - they might be lobbyists, business owners, special interest groups or activists seeking legislative action  - convince  their wealthy friends, coworkers and other like-minded donors to simultaneously write checks to their preferred candidate for public office. It is not uncommon for bundlers to raise hundreds of millions of dollars in a presidential-election year and receive special treatment in return for their work. A bundler is the person or small group of people  who pool or aggregates these contributions and then delivers them in one lump sum to a political campaign. In the 2000 presidential campaign, Republican nominee  George W. Bush used the term pioneers to describe bundlers who raised at least $100,000 for his White House bid. Bundlers are often rewarded by successful candidates with plum positions in an administration or other political favors.  Four out of five of Democratic presidential nominee  Barack Obamas largest fundraisers in the 2008 presidential campaign received  key posts in his administration, according to the Washington, D.C.-based Center for Responsive Politics. Bundling is a legal way for campaign supporters to circumvent  individual contribution limits set forth in federal campaign finance laws.  An individual can contribute up to $2,700 to a candidate for federal office in a single election cycle, or up to $5,400 a year. But bundlers can persuade like-minded donors to give at once, typically by inviting them to a fundraiser or special event and in turn rolling up those contributions into massive sums of money to federal candidates. Bundling Is Not Heavily Regulated The Federal Election Commission, the entity that regulates campaign-finance laws in the U.S.,  requires candidates for federal office  disclose the funds bundled by registered lobbyists. For everyone whos not a lobbyists? Disclosure is voluntary and sporadic. In the 2008 presidential election, for example, Obama and Republican nominee John McCain both agreed to make public the names of bundlers who raised more than $50,000. The FEC rules, however, are considered loose by government watchdogs and  easily circumvented by crafty bundlers and lobbyists wishing to remain out of the public eye. In some cases, bundlers are able to avoid disclosing their role in raising large sums of money for a campaign by never physically pooling and delivering the checks, just organizing the fundraising.   How Much Money Do Bundlers Raise? Bundlers are responsible for generating tens of millions of dollars to their preferred candidates. In the 2012 presidential race, for example, bundlers delivered about $200 million to Obamas campaign, according to the Center for Responsive Politics. Bundlers, who are often corporate CEOs, lobbyists, hedge fund managers or independently wealthy people, are able to funnel far more money to campaigns than they could personally give under campaign finance laws, states the good-government group Public Citizen.   Why Bundlers Bundle Bundlers who deliver large amounts of campaign cash to candidates have been rewarded with access to prominent White House advisers and strategists, official titles and privileged treatment in campaigns, and ambassadorships and other plum political appointments. The Center for Public Integrity reported that Obama rewarded about 200 bundlers with jobs and appointments. Bundlers play an enormous role in determining the success of political campaigns and are apt to receive preferential treatment if their candidate wins, Public Citizen wrote. Bundlers who direct money to presidential candidates tend to be first in line for plum ambassador positions and other political appointments. Industry titans and lobbyists are more likely to receive preferential treatment from elected officials if they raised large amounts of money for them. When Is Bundling Illegal? Bundlers seeking political favors often promise big money to candidates. And sometimes they fail to deliver. So in some cases, bundlers have been known to give large sums of money to employees, family members and friends with the implicit goal of having those employees, family members and friends turn around and contribute to a candidate for Congress or the presidency. Thats illegal.

What is Gospel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is Gospel - Research Paper Example Gospel to Christians, is described as the saving acts of Jesus on the cross and through his resurrection which acted as a reconciliatory bridge to bring back the initial relationship that existed between God and the people (Dunn 37). The discussion below will try to expound more on what the gospel means, taking into account several publications by various authors and the Bible. It is meant to give an insightful discussion into the topic and will culminate into an argument on the comparisons between the gospel of Jesus and that of Paul. In the discussion, Biblical referencing will largely rotate around the four main books that outline the life of Jesus: Mathew, Luke, Mark and John. Alongside these books will be the authorship works of Paul which will also be considered to bring out the meaning of the topic from Paul’s perspective. Publications from other authors who have already dug into the topic of gospel will also be consulted. At the end of the research, I will also discuss my opinion of why the gospel is good to Christianity and how it has helped to make a difference in my life. Before proceeding to the topic, however, I will provide a brief overview of the lives of both Jesus and Paul as it will help to set the basis of our discussion. According to the lines in (Mathew 2:1), Jesus was born in Jerusalem, Judea during the rule of King Herod. He began his life in Nazareth and only started his gospel ministry after 30 years. (Luke 3:1). The commencement of his ministry followed his baptism by John the Baptist and this set way for his Divine Mission of spreading the good news. He then withdrew into the desert where he took a 40-day fast. After overcoming temptations by the devil, He went back to the neighbourhood of his Baptist’s ministry from where he won his first disciples (Mathew 3:4). It is during this time that Jesus performed his maiden miracle and where prepared wine from water at a nuptial party at Cana,